Fall of Constantinople

 

·         Pentarchy, Patriarch: Rome (Pope), Constantinople (Ecumenical), Alexandria, Antioch, Jerusalem; Moscow

·         324-Constatine; 379-Rome=Christian; 476-Fall of Western Roman Empire;

·         Byzantine Empire; Constantinople

·         1071-Battle of Manzikert-Seljuk Turks; 1204-4th Crusade; 1261-Byzantine restoration

·         1402-Ottoman Turks surround Constantinople; 1453-Fall of Constantinople; Hagia Sophia

·         Apophatic theology; apophasis; hesychasm, hesuchia; Gregory Palamas (1296-1359)

·         Deification, theosis: John 10:34-5 (Ps 82.6); 2 Pet 1.4; John 17.21; Romans 8.19-22

 

Constantinople and Istanbul

 

·         Mehmet II (the Conquerer) (r. 1451-81); Lady Mara (d. 1480)

·         Organization: milet (nation); George Scholarius (ca. 1400-1472) – Gennadius – Patr. 1454-56; 1463; 1464-65

·         Ecclesiastical courts; Great Synod; Metropolitan (archbishop)

·         Restrictions: Janissaries; seizure of churches: Selim I (1512-20)

·         Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-66); Selim II, the Drunkard (1566-74)

·         After Gennadius (1465): Mark, Symeon of Trebizond; Dionysius; Raphael

·         Factions: Lady Mara; princes and princesses of Wallachia (Romania) and Moldavia; King of Georgia

·         Mt. Athos; archontes; Cantacuzeni; Michael Cantacuzenus (d. 1578); Rome; West European embassies

·         Education: Patriarchal Academy; Venice; University of Padua; Roman schools

 

Constantinople and Rome

 

·         Charlemagne; 1. Papal claims; 2. Filioque–Nicene Creed; council of Aachen (809); Normans-ca. 1000:

·         3. liturgical differences - Eucharist: a) leavened bread; b) epiclesis; c) communion in both kinds

·         1054: Cardinal Humbert; 1095: Pope calls Crusades; Latin Jerusalem: 1099-1187; 1270: Acre/Akko falls

·         1204: 4th Crusade—Diverted to Constantinople in 1204; Alexius: Deposed Byzantine Emperor

·         Western Crusaders pillage Constantinople; take over much of the Byzantine Empire; 1261: Byzantine reconquest

·         1274-Union of Lyons (condemn 1285); Scholasticism-Thomas Aquinas; “Economy”

·         1433-Council of Basel; 1439-Council of Florence (repudiated 1484)

·         Antioch-Syrian Catholics; Uniates; 1965-excommunications repealed

 

Constantinople and Wittenberg

 

·         Luther (1483-1546; Germany); 1512 received Dr. Theol.: began to teach at University of Wittenberg

·         31 October 1517: 95 Theses; 1520; Pope condemns Luther; 1521: Diet of Worms—Luther condemned

·         1522: return to Wittenberg; Sola Scriptura, Tradition (Jn 20.30-1; 21.25; 2 Thess 2.15 and 1 Cor 11.2)

·         Philip Melanchthon (1497-1560); 1530: Augsburg Confession

·         1555: James Basilicus the Heraclid; Prince of Moldavia; 1563: executed

·         1559: Orthodox deacon Demetrius from Montenegro

·         1570: David von Ungnad (ambassador) & Stephen Gerlach (chaplin)

·         Patriarch Jeremias II; Martin Kraus (Crusius); Tübingen; 1574: Augsburg Confession to Patriarch

·         15 May 1576 response to Augsburg Conf.; Predestination/Free Will (Augustine)

·         Other problems: Filioque; 7 or 2 sacraments; Real Presence in Eucharist; Veneration of Saints

·         1577: Lutheran response: insist they are right; 1579: Jeremias repeated same objections

·         1580: 2nd Lutheran response: more conciliatory; 1581: Jeremias repeats objections again; says stop writing

·         3rd Luther response: repeats 2nd; ignored

 

Constantinople & Geneva (Calvinism)

 

·         Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531); 1522 – Begins reform in Zurich; 1529-Colloquy of Marburg; Eucharist – Real Presence

·         John Calvin (1509-64); reform in Geneva 1536-64; Double Predestination

·         Cyril Lucaris (1572-1638); 1595 – Graduated from Padua; 1596-1601 – in Russia

·         Patriarch of Alexandria: 1601-20; Patriarch of Constantinople: 1620-35 1636-38

·         1627: printing press; Jesuits; Vizier; Grand Mufti;

·         Ambassadors: Catholic=France & Holy Roman Empire (Germany); Protestant=England & Netherlands

·         1629: Confession of Faith: 1) Salvation by faith alone; 2) Predestination; 3) Against veneration of images; 4) Only 2 Sacraments; 5) No Real Presence

 

Constantinople & Canterbury (Anglicanism)

 

·         Henry 7th (1485-1509); Henry 8th (1509-47); Catherine of Aragon--Mary Tudor

·         Canon Law; Annulment; Thomas Cranmer; 1533: marries Anne Boleyn—Elizabeth

·         1534: King-not Pope-head of English church

·         Edward VI (1547-53); Book of Common Prayer (1549; 1552)

·         Mary Tudor (1553-58): Catholicism reestablished – “Bloody Mary”

·         Elizabeth (1558-1603); via media; Puritans; James I (1603-25) & Charles I (1625-49)

·         1649: Puritans revolt in a Civil War; Puritan rule 1653-58; Charles II (1660-85); James II (1685-88)

·         1688 – Prince William of Orange & Mary; 1689 – religious tolerance; the Non-Jurors

·         1714: Patr. of Alexandria sends delegation to England; Arsenius, a Metropolitan

·         1716: Non-jurors approach; Arsenius sympathetic

·         1717: proposal for union take by Arsenius to Constantinople; also sent to Russia

·         1721: Response from Constantinople; Councils; Mary & Sts.; Consubstantiation / Transubstantiation

·         1724/25: conversation breaks off; Greek College at Oxford: 1698-1705

 

Constantinople & Moscow

 

·         sobor = council; 988 – Vladimir (d. 1015); Kiev; Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus’

·         Novgorod; City of Vladimir; Grand Prince

·         1237-40 – Mongols conquer Russia; “the Golden Horde”; Serai = capital

·         1328 – Rise of Moscow;

·         ca. 1350 –  Lithuania & Poland: Galicia / Volynia (western Ukraine/Byelorussia/E. Poland)

·         1380 – Russian victory against Mongols; 1447 – end of Mongol Rule

·         1386 – Lithuanians become Catholic; Sergius of Radonezh (1314-92)

·         1433 – Isidore metropolitan of Kiev; 1437 – Isidore in Russia; to Florence

·         1441 – returns from Florence – accepted union; a Cardinal; 1443 – fled to Italy

·         1448 – Russian bishops appoint metropolitan Jonas – independence; recognized by Constantinople in 1589

 

Moscow & Rome

 

·         Moscow as 3rd Rome: legend of the “White Cowl”; Filofei – 1510

·         1386: Conversion of Lithuania; Jagiello marries Jadwiga; Jagiello becomes King Wladyslaw of Poland

·         Lithuanians resist: led by Vitovt; Orthodoxy tolerated

·         1469- new Metropolitan of Kiev – separate from Moscow; Vil’na (Vilnius)

·         1569: Poland absorbs Lithuania; authorities become anti-Orthodox

·         1594: Orthodox proposal for church unity (Gregorian calendar: 1582); 1595: council; 1596: Pope accepts

·         Council of Brest: Oct. 1596; the Unia (Union); Uniates; Cossacks

·         1607 – last non-Uniate bishop dies; 1620: new bishops

·         Peter Moghila – Metropolitan of Kiev (1633-67); Confession

·         1654: Russia allies w/ Cossacks; attacks Ukraine; 1667 :war ended – Russia in controls eastern Ukraine